Can I buy property in Dubai as a foreigner or non-resident first-timer?

Yes. You don't need UAE residency to buy - non-residents can purchase in Dubai's designated freehold areas (60+ communities, e.g. JVC, Dubai Marina, Downtown) with just a passport. Expats can get mortgages (typically up to ~80% LTV as a resident, ~50% as a non-resident). Buying property worth AED 2M or more can also qualify you for a 10-year Golden Visa.